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spdep

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Spatial Dependence: Weighting Schemes, Statistics

View on CRAN: Click here

Download and install spdep package within the R console
Install from CRAN:

 install.packages("spdep")

Install from Github:

 library("remotes")

                        install_github("cran/spdep")

Install by package version:

 library("remotes")

                        install_version("spdep", "1.4-1")

Attach the package and use:

 library("spdep")

Maintained by
Roger Bivand
[Scholar Profile | Author Map]

All associated links for this package

First Published: 2002-03-20

Latest Update: 2025-06-10

Description:

A collection of functions to create spatial weights matrix objects from polygon 'contiguities', from point patterns by distance and tessellations, for summarizing these objects, and for permitting their use in spatial data analysis, including regional aggregation by minimum spanning tree; a collection of tests for spatial 'autocorrelation', including global 'Morans I' and 'Gearys C' proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN: 0850860369) and (1981, ISBN: 0850860814), 'Hubert/Mantel' general cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and 'Assunção/Reis' (1999) <doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990830)18:16%3C2147::AID-SIM179%3E3.0.CO;2-I> Index, 'Getis/Ord' G ('Getis' and 'Ord' 1992) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x> and multicoloured join count statistics, 'APLE' ('Li 'et al.' ) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x>, local 'Moran's I', 'Gearys C' ('Anselin' 1995) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x> and 'Getis/Ord' G ('Ord' and 'Getis' 1995) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x>, 'saddlepoint' approximations ('Tiefelsdorf' 2002) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2002.tb01084.x> and exact tests for global and local 'Moran's I' ('Bivand et al.' 2009) <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.07.021> and 'LOSH' local indicators of spatial heteroscedasticity ('Ord' and 'Getis') <doi:10.1007/s00168-011-0492-y>. The implementation of most of these measures is described in 'Bivand' and 'Wong' (2018) <doi:10.1007/s11749-018-0599-x>, with further extensions in 'Bivand' (2022) <doi:10.1111/gean.12319>. 'Lagrange' multiplier tests for spatial dependence in linear models are provided ('Anselin et al'. 1996) <doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02111-6>, as are 'Rao' score tests for hypothesised spatial 'Durbin' models based on linear models ('Koley' and 'Bera' 2023) <doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810>. From 'spdep' and 'spatialreg' versions >= 1.2-1, the model fitting functions previously present in this package are defunct in 'spdep' and may be found in 'spatialreg'.

How to cite:

Roger Bivand (2002). spdep: Spatial Dependence: Weighting Schemes, Statistics. R package version 1.4-1, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spdep. Accessed 04 Aug. 2026.

Previous versions and publish date:

(2026-07-09 07:08), 0.1-2 (2002-03-20 08:22), 0.1-3 (2002-04-19 20:23), 0.1-4 (2002-05-01 10:33), 0.1-6 (2002-08-20 17:23), 0.1-8 (2003-01-24 22:35), 0.1-9 (2003-04-27 20:24), 0.1-10 (2003-04-29 19:01), 0.1-13 (2003-08-07 10:59), 0.2-3 (2003-09-05 08:04), 0.2-4 (2003-09-12 22:51), 0.2-5 (2003-09-26 14:37), 0.2-6 (2003-11-12 09:26), 0.2-8 (2003-12-19 14:20), 0.2-9 (2004-01-07 19:15), 0.2-10 (2004-01-22 15:04), 0.2-11 (2004-01-24 16:18), 0.2-12 (2004-02-25 15:39), 0.2-14 (2004-04-18 23:01), 0.2-17 (2004-05-18 20:50), 0.2-18 (2004-05-26 13:48), 0.2-22 (2004-10-04 10:41), 0.3-5 (2004-12-09 11:18), 0.3-7 (2004-12-15 09:40), 0.3-8 (2004-12-29 20:49), 0.3-10 (2005-03-08 09:38), 0.3-12 (2005-04-19 21:04), 0.3-13 (2005-10-14 16:04), 0.3-16 (2005-11-30 10:06), 0.3-17 (2005-12-16 09:44), 0.3-21 (2006-02-28 09:42), 0.3-22 (2006-03-10 15:34), 0.3-24 (2006-05-19 22:42), 0.3-25 (2006-05-22 11:04), 0.3-28 (2006-07-27 12:12), 0.3-29 (2006-08-03 12:36), 0.3-30 (2006-08-19 09:06), 0.3-31 (2006-09-06 18:42), 0.3-32 (2006-11-14 09:43), 0.4-1 (2007-03-23 12:32), 0.4-2 (2007-03-28 09:45), 0.4-4 (2007-06-11 09:57), 0.4-6 (2007-09-21 17:23), 0.4-7 (2007-10-09 21:58), 0.4-8 (2007-10-30 19:56), 0.4-9 (2007-11-03 19:44), 0.4-12 (2007-12-30 21:29), 0.4-13 (2008-01-01 15:17), 0.4-17 (2008-02-18 21:40), 0.4-20 (2008-03-25 20:59), 0.4-21 (2008-05-16 23:07), 0.4-24 (2008-07-05 18:33), 0.4-29 (2008-10-26 19:29), 0.4-34 (2009-01-21 12:14), 0.4-36 (2009-08-19 10:16), 0.4-46 (2009-10-07 09:48), 0.4-47 (2009-10-12 14:29), 0.4-49 (2009-10-13 10:21), 0.4-50 (2009-10-19 21:44), 0.4-52 (2009-11-05 20:43), 0.4-54 (2009-11-26 17:33), 0.4-56 (2009-12-18 09:03), 0.4-58 (2010-02-05 12:53), 0.4-59 (2010-02-25 12:10), 0.5-3 (2010-03-22 16:17), 0.5-4 (2010-04-04 18:02), 0.5-9 (2010-05-19 15:10), 0.5-10 (2010-05-30 13:38), 0.5-11 (2010-06-03 18:06), 0.5-14 (2010-06-23 16:16), 0.5-16 (2010-07-24 22:44), 0.5-17 (2010-07-31 17:58), 0.5-19 (2010-08-16 20:43), 0.5-21 (2010-09-05 08:48), 0.5-24 (2010-10-09 09:30), 0.5-26 (2010-11-30 20:46), 0.5-29 (2011-03-14 11:01), 0.5-31 (2011-04-12 18:02), 0.5-32 (2011-05-06 08:30), 0.5-33 (2011-05-20 14:06), 0.5-35 (2011-06-09 19:39), 0.5-37 (2011-06-29 11:58), 0.5-40 (2011-09-16 19:44), 0.5-41 (2011-11-14 12:28), 0.5-43 (2011-11-27 10:14), 0.5-45 (2012-03-18 21:55), 0.5-46 (2012-05-06 18:15), 0.5-50 (2012-08-31 15:11), 0.5-51 (2012-09-25 11:36), 0.5-52 (2012-11-09 03:58), 0.5-53 (2012-11-09 13:18), 0.5-55 (2012-12-21 12:02), 0.5-56 (2013-01-11 13:31), 0.5-57 (2013-06-21 14:36), 0.5-60 (2013-07-02 23:56), 0.5-61 (2013-07-24 14:04), 0.5-62 (2013-08-07 16:08), 0.5-63 (2013-09-01 21:22), 0.5-64 (2013-09-02 13:24), 0.5-65 (2013-09-16 13:35), 0.5-68 (2013-11-04 14:49), 0.5-71 (2014-01-31 17:32), 0.5-74 (2014-06-06 14:09), 0.5-77 (2014-09-19 20:24), 0.5-81 (2015-01-06 15:37), 0.5-82 (2015-01-07 14:18), 0.5-83 (2015-01-16 16:36), 0.5-86 (2015-03-15 16:43), 0.5-87 (2015-03-16 10:25), 0.5-88 (2015-03-17 17:43), 0.5-92 (2015-12-22 14:37), 0.6-4 (2016-04-12 13:40), 0.6-5 (2016-06-02 18:33), 0.6-6 (2016-07-30 20:52), 0.6-8 (2016-09-21 11:25), 0.6-9 (2017-01-09 09:50), 0.6-10 (2017-02-21 10:07), 0.6-11 (2017-02-23 17:31), 0.6-12 (2017-04-06 13:27), 0.6-13 (2017-04-25 12:39), 0.6-15 (2017-09-01 22:24), 0.7-4 (2017-11-22 11:04), 0.7-7 (2018-04-03 23:37), 0.7-8 (2018-08-15 18:40), 0.7-9 (2018-09-28 13:40), 0.8-1 (2018-11-21 12:30), 1.0-2 (2019-02-13 11:10), 1.1-2 (2019-04-05 21:40), 1.1-3 (2019-09-18 15:30), 1.1-5 (2020-06-29 12:10), 1.1-7 (2021-04-03 16:00), 1.1-8 (2021-05-23 11:50), 1.1-11 (2021-09-07 13:10), 1.1-12 (2021-11-09 07:00), 1.1-13 (2021-12-14 14:00), 1.2-1 (2022-01-05 01:40), 1.2-2 (2022-01-29 00:10), 1.2-3 (2022-03-29 09:40), 1.2-4 (2022-04-18 08:20), 1.2-5 (2022-08-12 01:00), 1.2-7 (2022-10-01 17:30), 1.2-8 (2023-02-28 14:10), 1.3-1 (2023-11-23 09:10), 1.3-3 (2024-02-07 13:20), 1.3-4 (2024-05-31 18:20), 1.3-5 (2024-06-10 16:50), 1.3-6 (2024-09-13 16:00), 1.3-7 (2024-11-25 15:00), 1.3-8 (2024-12-02 14:30), 1.3-9 (2025-01-16 21:20), 1.3-10 (2025-01-20 14:00), 1.3-11 (2025-04-24 19:40), 1.3-13 (2025-06-10 09:30), 1.4-1 (2025-08-31 19:10)

Other packages that cited spdep R package

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Other R packages that spdep depends, imports, suggests or enhances

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Complete documentation for spdep

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Functions, R codes and Examples using the spdep R package

Some associated functions: COL.OLD . EBImoran.mc . EBest . EBlocal . LOSH.cs . LOSH.mc . LOSH . aggregate.nb . airdist . autocov_dist . bhicv . card . cell2nb . choynowski . columbus . compon . diffnb . dnearneigh . droplinks . edit.nb . eire . geary.mc . geary . geary.test . globalG.test . graphneigh . grid2nb . hotspotmap . include.self . joincount.mc . joincount.multi . joincount.test . knearneigh . knn2nb . lag.listw . lee.mc . lee . lee.test . listw2sn . lm.LMtests . lm.morantest.exact . lm.morantest . lm.morantest.sad . localC . localG . local_joincount_bv . local_joincount_uni . localmoran.exact . localmoran . localmoran.sad . localmoran_bv . mat2listw . moran.mc . moran . moran.plot . moran.test . moran_bv . mstree . nb2INLA . nb2WB . nb2blocknb . nb2lines . nb2listw . nb2listwdist . nb2mat . nbcosts . nbdists . nblag . nboperations . p.adjustSP . plot.mst . plot.nb . plot.skater . poly2nb . probmap . prunecost . prunemst . read.gal . read.gwt2nb . rotation . set.mcOption . set.spChkOption . skater . sp.correlogram . sp.mantel.mc . spdep-defunct . spdep . spweights.constants . ssw . subset.listw . subset.nb . summary.nb . testnb . tolerance.nb . tri2nb . write.nb.gal .
Some associated R codes: AAA.R . EBI.R . LOSH.R . LOSH.cs.R . LOSH.mc.R . airdist.R . autocov.R . card.R . cellneighbours.R . choynowski.R . components.R . cyclical.R . diffnb.R . dnearneigh.R . droplinks.R . edit.nb.R . gabrielneigh.R . geary.R . globalG.R . graph2nb.R . grid2nb.R . hotspotmap.R . jc.R . knearneigh.R . knn2nb.R . lee.R . lee.mc.R . lee.test.R . lee_internal.R . lisa_perm.R . listw2sn.R . lm.LMtests.R . lm.morantest.R . local-joincount-bivariate.R . local-joincount-univariate.R . local-moran-bv.R . localC.R . localG.R . localmoran.R . localmoran.exact.R . moran-bv.R . moran.R . moran.exact.R . moran.exact.alt.R . moran.plot.R . mstree.R . mtlocalmoran.R . mtmoran.R . nb2blocknb.R . nb2lines.R . nb2listw.R . nb2listwdist.R . nb2mat.R . nbcosts.R . nbdists.R . nblag.R . nboperations.R . p.adjustSP.R . plot.mst.R . plot.nb.R . plot.skater.R . poly2nb.R . prunecost.R . prunemst.R . read.gal.R . read.gwt2nb.R . relneigh.R . rotation.R . skater.R . soi.R . sp.correlogram.R . sp.mantel.R . spChkOption.R . subset.nb.R . summary.nb.R . tolerance.nb.R . tri2nb.R . utils-cond-permute.R . utils.R . weights-utils.R . Full spdep package functions and examples

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