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ape  

Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution
View on CRAN: Click here


Download and install ape package within the R console
Install from CRAN:
install.packages("ape")

Install from Github:
library("remotes")
install_github("cran/ape")

Install by package version:
library("remotes")
install_version("ape", "5.8-1")



Attach the package and use:
library("ape")
Maintained by
Emmanuel Paradis
[Scholar Profile | Author Map]
All associated links for this package
First Published: 2002-08-31
Latest Update: 2024-12-16
Description:
Functions for reading, writing, plotting, and manipulating phylogenetic trees, analyses of comparative data in a phylogenetic framework, ancestral character analyses, analyses of diversification and macroevolution, computing distances from DNA sequences, reading and writing nucleotide sequences as well as importing from BioConductor, and several tools such as Mantel's test, generalized skyline plots, graphical exploration of phylogenetic data (alex, trex, kronoviz), estimation of absolute evolutionary rates and clock-like trees using mean path lengths and penalized likelihood, dating trees with non-contemporaneous sequences, translating DNA into AA sequences, and assessing sequence alignments. Phylogeny estimation can be done with the NJ, BIONJ, ME, MVR, SDM, and triangle methods, and several methods handling incomplete distance matrices (NJ*, BIONJ*, MVR*, and the corresponding triangle method). Some functions call external applications (PhyML, Clustal, T-Coffee, Muscle) whose results are returned into R.
How to cite:
Emmanuel Paradis (2002). ape: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution. R package version 5.8-1, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ape. Accessed 16 Jul. 2026.
Previous versions and publish date:
(2026-07-09 07:18), 0.1 (2002-08-31 10:58), 0.2-1 (2002-10-28 22:33), 0.2 (2002-10-04 12:36), 1.0 (2003-03-04 18:08), 1.1-1 (2003-06-06 17:04), 1.1-2 (2003-07-15 20:32), 1.1-3 (2003-09-05 08:04), 1.1 (2003-06-03 20:38), 1.2-1 (2004-02-04 17:04), 1.2-2 (2004-03-19 23:27), 1.2-3 (2004-05-24 22:01), 1.2-4 (2004-08-07 11:13), 1.2-5 (2004-08-24 12:32), 1.2-6 (2004-09-17 10:37), 1.2-7 (2004-09-29 15:03), 1.2 (2004-01-07 08:33), 1.3-1 (2004-11-12 13:14), 1.3 (2004-11-04 16:41), 1.4 (2004-12-23 16:17), 1.5 (2005-04-19 10:17), 1.6 (2005-06-03 13:04), 1.7 (2005-09-19 12:53), 1.8-1 (2006-02-17 17:37), 1.8-2 (2006-03-24 10:14), 1.8-3 (2006-06-06 15:59), 1.8-4 (2006-07-24 10:24), 1.8-5 (2006-09-18 21:50), 1.8 (2005-12-19 12:07), 1.9-1 (2006-12-14 12:06), 1.9-2 (2007-01-24 12:06), 1.9-3 (2007-02-28 09:56), 1.9-4 (2007-03-27 21:04), 1.9 (2006-11-20 09:21), 1.10-1 (2007-06-19 13:47), 1.10-2 (2007-07-07 20:51), 1.10 (2007-05-01 21:04), 2.0-1 (2007-09-07 15:49), 2.0-2 (2007-11-17 11:43), 2.0 (2007-09-07 13:15), 2.1-1 (2008-02-01 23:13), 2.1-2 (2008-02-29 17:53), 2.1-3 (2008-03-21 20:26), 2.1 (2008-01-04 16:48), 2.2-1 (2008-07-11 19:21), 2.2-2 (2008-10-09 20:58), 2.2-3 (2009-01-13 11:32), 2.2-4 (2009-02-09 12:32), 2.2 (2008-05-08 09:13), 2.3-1 (2009-06-23 16:00), 2.3-2 (2009-07-21 14:27), 2.3-3 (2009-09-22 17:01), 2.3 (2009-03-30 08:56), 2.4-1 (2009-11-23 20:19), 2.4 (2009-10-05 17:02), 2.5-1 (2010-04-06 19:12), 2.5-2 (2010-05-17 11:09), 2.5-3 (2010-06-15 10:50), 2.5 (2010-02-02 11:09), 2.6-1 (2010-11-03 08:40), 2.6-2 (2010-12-08 10:28), 2.6-3 (2011-02-18 18:29), 2.6 (2010-09-30 07:41), 2.7-1 (2011-03-26 17:04), 2.7-2 (2011-06-17 08:44), 2.7-3 (2011-08-09 06:59), 2.7 (2011-03-17 06:45), 2.8 (2011-10-24 16:40), 3.0-1 (2012-02-20 10:24), 3.0-2 (2012-04-05 07:54), 3.0-3 (2012-04-24 17:08), 3.0-4 (2012-08-01 11:03), 3.0-5 (2012-10-08 18:49), 3.0-6 (2013-01-18 20:22), 3.0-7 (2013-01-21 14:52), 3.0-8 (2013-04-02 12:35), 3.0-9 (2013-07-19 16:25), 3.0-10 (2013-09-10 08:01), 3.0-11 (2013-10-01 11:19), 3.0 (2012-02-10 09:36), 3.1-1 (2014-03-11 08:49), 3.1-2 (2014-05-27 12:44), 3.1-3 (2014-07-12 15:03), 3.1-4 (2014-07-15 11:13), 3.1 (2014-03-05 10:02), 3.2 (2014-12-05 17:18), 3.3 (2015-05-29 12:44), 3.4 (2015-11-29 19:14), 3.5 (2016-05-24 05:39), 4.0 (2016-12-01 17:40), 4.1 (2017-02-14 19:15), 5.0 (2017-10-30 16:36), 5.1 (2018-04-05 00:16), 5.2 (2018-09-24 10:00), 5.3 (2019-03-17 08:15), 5.4-1 (2020-08-13 07:20), 5.4 (2020-06-03 14:20), 5.5 (2021-04-25 10:20), 5.6-1 (2022-01-07 15:32), 5.6-2 (2022-03-02 13:30), 5.6 (2021-12-21 10:20), 5.7-1 (2023-03-13 13:20), 5.7 (2023-02-16 14:30), 5.8 (2024-04-11 14:30)
Other packages that cited ape R package
View ape citation profile
Other R packages that ape depends, imports, suggests or enhances
Complete documentation for ape
Functions, R codes and Examples using the ape R package
Some associated functions: AAbin . CADM.global . DNAbin . DNAbin2indel . Initialize.corPhyl . LTT . MPR . MoranI . SDM . ace . add.scale.bar . additive . alex . all.equal.DNAbin . all.equal.phylo . alview . ape-internal . ape-package . apetools . as.alignment . as.bitsplits . as.matching . as.phylo.formula . as.phylo . axisPhylo . balance . base.freq . bd.ext . bd.time . binaryPGLMM . bind.tree . bionj . bird.families . bird.orders . birthdeath . boot.phylo . branching.times . c.phylo . carnivora . checkAlignment . checkLabel . checkValidPhylo . cherry . chiroptera . chronoMPL . chronopl . chronos . clustal . coalescent.intervals . collapse.singles . collapsed.intervals . compar.cheverud . compar.gee . compar.lynch . compar.ou . comparePhylo . compute.brlen . compute.brtime . consensus . cophenetic.phylo . cophyloplot . corBlomberg . corBrownian . corClasses . corGrafen . corMartins . corPagel . corphylo . correlogram.formula . cynipids . dbd . def . degree . del.gaps . delta.plot . dist.dna . dist.gene . dist.topo . diversi.gof . diversi.time . diversity.contrast.test . dnds . drop.tip . edges . evonet . ewLasso . fastme . gammaStat . getAnnotationsGenBank . hivtree . howmanytrees . identify.phylo . image.DNAbin . is.binary.tree . is.compatible . is.monophyletic . is.ultrametric . kronoviz . label2table . ladderize . latag2n . lmorigin . ltt.plot . makeLabel . makeNodeLabel . mantel.test . mat3 . mat5M3ID . mat5Mrand . matexpo . mcconwaysims.test . mcmc.popsize . mixedFontLabel . mrca . mst . multi2di . multiphylo . mvr . nj . njs . node.dating . node.depth . nodelabels . nodepath . parafit . pcoa . phydataplot . phymltest . pic . pic.ortho . plot.correlogram . plot.phylo . plot.phyloExtra . plot.varcomp . plotTreeTime . print.phylo . rDNAbin . rTraitCont . rTraitDisc . rTraitMult . read.GenBank . read.caic . read.dna . read.gff . read.nexus.data . read.nexus . read.tree . reconstruct . reorder.phylo . richness.yule.test . rlineage . root . rotate . rtree . rtt . seg.sites . skyline . skylineplot . slowinskiguyer.test . solveAmbiguousBases . speciesTree . stree . subtreeplot . subtrees . summary.phylo . trans . treePop . trex . triangMtd . unique.multiPhylo . updateLabel . varCompPhylip . varcomp . vcv.phylo . vcv2phylo . weight.taxo . where . which.edge . woodmouse . write.dna . write.nexus.data . write.nexus . write.tree . yule.cov . yule . yule.time . zoom . 
Some associated R codes: CADM.global.R . CADM.post.R . CDF.birth.death.R . Cheverud.R . DNA.R . MPR.R . MoranI.R . PGLS.R . RcppExports.R . SDM.R . SlowinskiGuyer.R . ace.R . additive.R . alex.R . all.equal.phylo.R . apetools.R . as.bitsplits.R . as.matching.R . as.phylo.R . as.phylo.formula.R . balance.R . binaryPGLMM.R . bind.tree.R . biplot.pcoa.R . birthdeath.R . branching.times.R . checkValidPhylo.R . cherry.R . chronoMPL.R . chronopl.R . chronos.R . clustal.R . coalescent.intervals.R . collapse.singles.R . collapsed.intervals.R . compar.gee.R . compar.lynch.R . compar.ou.R . comparePhylo.R . compute.brtime.R . cophenetic.phylo.R . cophyloplot.R . corphylo.R . dbd.R . def.R . delta.plot.R . dist.gene.R . dist.topo.R . diversi.gof.R . diversi.time.R . drop.tip.R . evonet.R . ewLasso.R . extract.popsize.R . gammaStat.R . howmanytrees.R . identify.phylo.R . is.binary.tree.R . is.compatible.R . is.monophyletic.R . is.ultrametric.R . ladderize.R . lmorigin.R . ltt.plot.R . makeLabel.R . makeNodeLabel.R . mantel.test.R . matexpo.R . mcmc.popsize.R . me.R . mrca.R . mst.R . multi2di.R . mvr.R . nj.R . njs.R . node.dating.R . nodelabels.R . nodepath.R . parafit.R . pcoa.R . phydataplot.R . phymltest.R . pic.R . plot.phylo.R . plot.phyloExtra.R . plot.popsize.R . plotPhyloCoor.R . print.lmorigin.R . print.parafit.R . rTrait.R . read.GenBank.R . read.caic.R . read.dna.R . read.gff.R . read.nexus.R . read.nexus.data.R . read.tree.R . reconstruct.R . reorder.phylo.R . root.R . rotate.R . rtree.R . rtt.R . scales.R . skyline.R . skylineplot.R . speciesTree.R . subtreeplot.R . subtrees.R . summary.phylo.R . treePop.R . triangMtd.R . unique.multiPhylo.R . varcomp.R . vcv.phylo.R . vcv2phylo.R . which.edge.R . write.dna.R . write.nexus.R . write.nexus.data.R . write.tree.R . yule.R . yule.time.R . zoom.R . zzz.R .  Full ape package functions and examples
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